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《杜罗之书》介绍(Book of Durrow)

  

  

  位于爱尔兰都柏林的三一学院图书馆久负盛名,藏有大量珍贵著作,其中《凯尔斯书》(凯尔斯之书)是公元9世纪由僧侣完成的,极为珍贵。这本书起源于中世纪早期教会发展的黄金时代,用拉丁文写成。这是爱尔兰古代历史上最完美的手写杰作。它描述了当时的宗教、文化和艺术的发展,包括耶稣、圣母和圣子、圣约翰和圣玛窦的肖像插图,这些在上一篇文章中已经提到过。除了《凯尔斯书》,图书馆还有一本非常有名的书《杜罗之书》。可惜中国人对这样一本名著知之甚少,在中文网站上几乎搜不到,主要是语言和文化背景差异太大。试想一下,如果把《兰亭集序》翻译成英文,告诉他们这是中国第一书法有多好看,西方人大概会看傻了,就像很多人在看我写的关于西方书法的文章一样。   

  

     

  

  今天我们来介绍一下《杜罗之书》,它和《凯尔斯书》一样,都是用泥金装饰的基督徒手写福音。但是《杜罗之书》有什么特点呢?   

  

  《杜罗之书》是一本中世纪的带照明的手稿福音书,采用了与世隔绝的艺术风格。它可能是在650年到700年间创作的。创造的地方可能是爱尔兰的Durrow修道院,或者是英格兰东北部Northumbria的一个修道院(Lindisfarne的修道院是可能的候选),或者可能是苏格兰西部的Iona修道院——起源的地方已经被历史学家争论了几十年,没有达成共识。916年时《杜罗之书》肯定在杜罗修道院。今天它在都柏林三一学院的图书馆里。   

  

  《杜罗之书》是海岛艺术风格中世纪泥金装饰的手写福音。可能是在650年到700年之间写的。创作地点可能是爱尔兰的杜罗修道院或英格兰东北部的诺森比亚修道院(或林迪斯法恩修道院)或苏格兰西部的洛纳修道院。几十年来,历史学家一直在争论起源,但没有达成共识。当然可以,《杜罗之书》 916在杜罗修道院。今天,它保存在爱尔兰都柏林三一学院的图书馆里。   

  

     

  

  这是现存最古老的完整的有照明的岛屿福音书,例如比凯尔斯书早了一个多世纪。文本包括马太福音,马克福音,路加福音和约翰福音,加上一些序言和教规表。它的页数为245145毫米,有248页羊皮纸对开本。它包含一个大的照明方案,包括六个现存的地毯页,四个福音传道者符号的整页缩微模型,四个整页缩微模型,每个都包含一个福音传道者符号,以及六页有重要装饰的首字母和文字。它是用majuscule岛体文字(实际上是当时的大写字母)写成的,有一些空白。   

  

  这是现存最古老的用粘土黄金装饰的完整福音书手稿,比《凯尔斯书》年(凯尔斯之书)早一个世纪。这个文本包括马太福音,马克,路加福音和约翰福音,加上几个序言和佳能表。它的页面大小   

为245×145毫米,有248个牛皮纸对开页。它包含一个大型泥金装饰,包括六个现存的地毯页面,四个福音传教士符号的整页缩影,四个整页微缩模型,每个微缩模型包含一个单独的福音传道符号,六页包含重要的装饰首字母和文本。它是用大写的岛屿文字写成的,和一些空白。

  

  

The page size has been reduced by subsequent rebindings, and most leaves are now single when unbound, where many or most would originally have been in "bifolia" or folded pairs. It is clear that some pages have been inserted in the wrong places. The main significance of this is that it is unclear if there was originally a seventh carpet page. Now Matthew does not have one, but there is, most unusually, one as the last page in the book. Perhaps there were only ever six: one at the start of the book with a cross, one opposite the next page with the four symbols (as now), and one opposite each individual symbol at the start of each gospel. Otherwise the original programme of illumination seems to be complete, which is rare in manuscripts of this age.

  

后人对它的重新装订减少了页面大小,并且大多数页面在未绑定时是单一的,其中许多或大多数最初是在折页中。很明显,有些页面被插入到错误的位置。这一点的主要意义在于,目前还不清楚最初是否有第七个地毯页面。现在马太福音没有,但最不寻常的是,这本书的最后一页。也许只有六个:一个在书的开头有一个十字架,一个与下一页相对,有四个符号(和现在一样),另一个与每个福音开头的每个符号相对。另外原始的泥金装饰手抄本似乎是完整的,这在这个时代的手稿中很少见。

  

  

《杜罗之书》特点

The Book of Durrow is unusual in that it does not use the traditional scheme, usual since Saint Jerome, for assigning the symbols to the Evangelists. Each Gospel begins with an Evangelist's symbol – a man for Matthew, an eagle for Mark (not the lion traditionally used), a calf for Luke and a lion for John (not the eagle traditionally used). This is also known as the pre-Vulgate arrangement. Each evangelist symbol, except the Man of Matthew is followed by a carpet page, followed by the initial page. This missing carpet page is assumed to have existed. A first possibility is that it was lost, and a second that it is in fact folio 3, which features swirling abstract decoration. Where the four symbols appear together on folio 2r they appear in the normal order if read clockwise, and in the pre-Vulgate order if read anti-clockwise, which may be deliberate.

  

“杜罗之书”不同寻常之处在于它不使用传统的编排,没有使用自圣杰罗姆以来,通常用于为福音传教士指定符号。每一部福音书用传道者的符号开始-马太福音是一个人,马克是一只老鹰(不是传统使用的狮),路加是一只小牛,约翰是一头狮子(不是传统使用的鹰)。这也被称为前拉丁文圣经编排。每个福音传道者的标志,除了马太的人之外都有地毯页面,然后是初始页面。假设这个丢失的地毯页面已经存在。第一种可能性是它丢失了,而第二种可能性就是对开页3,它具有旋转的抽象装饰。如果四个符号一起出现在对开页2r上,则如果顺时针读取它们将以正常顺序出现,而如果以逆时针方向读取则以前拉丁文圣经顺序出现,这可能是故意的。

  

  

The first letter of the text is enlarged and decorated, with the following letters surrounded by dots. Parallels with metalwork can be noted in the rectangular body of St Matthew, which looks like a millefiori decoration, and in details of the carpet pages.

  

文字的第一个字母是放大和装饰的,下面的字母用圆点包围。金色工艺的平行线围成的矩形体中可以注明具体文字,它看起来像一个玻璃装饰,以及地毯页面的细节。

  

There is a sense of space in the design of all the pages of the Book of Durrow. Open vellum balances intensely decorated areas. Animal interlace of very high quality appears on folio 192v. Other motifs include spirals, triskeles, ribbon plaits and circular knots in the carpet pages and borders around the Four Evangelists.

  

“杜罗之书”的所有页面都有一种空间感。开放的牛皮纸平衡了装饰精美的区域。对开页192v上出现了高质量的动物交织。其他图案包括螺旋,三角形,缎带和圆形结画在四个福音传教士作者的周围。

  

  

《杜罗之书》的历史

The colophon of the book (f. 9r) contains an erased and overwritten note which, according to one interpretation, is by "Colum" who scribed the book, which he said he did in twelve days. This probably relates to the belief that Colum Cille (Saint Columba) had created the book, and its date and authenticity is unclear. Twelve days is a plausible time to scribe one gospel, but not four, still less with all the decoration. The earliest known cumdach, or metalwork reliquary for a book (probably an Irish innovation), was made to house and protect the Book of Durrow at the behest of King of Ireland Flann Sinna (879–916), by which point it was at Durrow, and believed to be a relic of Colum Cille. The shrine was lost in the 17th century, but its appearance, including an inscription recording the king's patronage, is recorded in a note from 1677, now bound into the book as folio IIv, although other inscriptions are not transcribed. Once in the shrine it was probably rarely if ever removed for use as a book.

  

在书末的出版说明(F.9R)中包含了一个擦除的和重写的备注,而根据其中的一种翻译,是“科勒姆”抄写的书,是由他在十二天内完成的。这可能与圣高隆(圣徒科伦巴)创作这本书的意图有关,其日期和可靠性尚不清楚。十二天的时间来写一个福音是合理,但不是四个,更别说加上所有装饰。在爱尔兰国王弗辛纳(879 - 916)命令下,《杜罗之书》被放在金属做的圣物箱(可能是爱尔兰创新)里存放和保护,到那时它一直在杜罗,并且被认为是圣高隆的遗物。圣殿在17世纪时损坏而不复存在,但它的外观,包括记录国王赞助的铭文,记录在1677年的一张纸条中,现在作为对开页IIv被绑定到书中,尽管其他铭文没有被转录。当进入神殿,它很可能很少被搬动用作书籍。

  

In the 16th century, when Durrow Abbey was dissolved, the book went into private ownership. It was borrowed and studied by James Ussher, probably when he was Bishop of Meath from 1621–1623. It managed to survive during that period despite at least one section of it being immersed in water by a farmer to create holy water to cure his cows. In the period 1661 to 1682 it was given to the library at Trinity College, together with the Book of Kells, by Henry Jones while he was Bishop of Meath. The shrine and cover was lost during the occupation by troops in 1689.

  

在16世纪,当杜罗修道院解散时,这本书变成了私有所有。它被詹姆斯乌瑟尔借用和研究,可能是他从1621年至1623年担任米斯郡主教的原因。虽然有一部分被农民浸入水中用以制造圣水来治疗他的奶牛,但它在那段时间还是保存了下来。在1661年到1682年期间,它和《凯尔斯书》一起由当时的米斯郡主教亨利琼斯送到了圣三一学院的图书馆。1689年,在部队占领期间,神殿和封面被毁坏或丢失。

  

The five pound note of the "Series B" Irish banknotes contained an image from the book.

  

爱尔兰货币中的五磅纸币“B系列”上就有此书中的图片。

  

假如你有机会去爱尔兰,别忘了去都柏林圣三一学院图书馆去欣赏一下《凯尔斯书》和《杜罗之书》。

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