编译 | 冯维维
Science, 29 APR 2022，VOLUME 376 ISSUE 6592
《科学》 2022年4月29日，第376卷，6592期
化学Chemistry
Dynamics of particle network in composite battery cathodes
复合电池阴极粒子网络动力学研究
作者：JIZHOU LI, NIKHIL SHARMA, ZHISEN JIANG, YANG YANG, DONG HOU, DANIEL RATNER, PIERO PIANETTA, YIJIN LIU, etc.
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm8962
摘要：
可充电电池的容量损失可能是由循环过程中电极结构的变化引起的。用硬X射线全息层析术显示了富镍LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2复合阴极的结构。
他们可以跟踪数以千计的粒子随时间的变化，从而确定阴极的结构和性能之间的关系，以及阴极在一般难以达到的尺寸范围内的劣化。
笔者发现，在使用过程中造成的伤害不仅仅是每个颗粒造成的，还会受到周围颗粒的影响，而且这种影响会随着时间而变化。这项研究为更好地设计电极以最大化其性能提供了一种方法。
Abstract：
可充电电池的容量损失可能是由于循环过程中电极结构的变化。李等人使用硬x射线全息层析成像来可视化富镍lini 0.8 Mn 0.1 co 0.1 o 2复合阴极的结构(见肖的透视图)。他们能够跟踪数以千计的单个粒子随时间的行为，从而确定结构和性能之间的关系，以及阴极在一般情况下无法达到的尺寸范围内的退化。他们发现，循环过程中的损坏不仅是由每个粒子造成的，也是由其周围的邻居造成的，尽管贡献会随着时间的推移而变化。这项工作提出了更好地设计电极以最大化其性能的方法。
Scaffold hopping by net photochemical carbon deletion of azaarenes
切除碳环生成吲哚
作者：JISOO WOO, ALEC H. CHRISTIAN, SAMANTHA A. BURGESS, YUAN JIANG, UMAR FARUK MANSOOR AND MARK D. LEVIN
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo4282
摘要：
喹啉和吲哚是药物分子中非常常见的核心基序。两者在环骨架上只有一个碳差，这在构效关系的研究中是有用的。然而，这些化合物中的芳族化合物的稳定性使这一过程变得困难。
作者报告
称，在近紫外范围内对喹啉氮氧化物进行窄波长照射，然后进行酸处理，干净地切除一个碳环，生成吲哚，避免了以前用宽带光观察到的二次光产物。▲ Abstract：
Quinolines and indoles are both very common core motifs in drug molecules. Because they differ by just a single carbon in their ring frameworks, it would be useful to interconvert them during structure-activity relationship studies. However, aromatic stabilization in these compounds makes that process difficult. Woo et al. now report that narrow-wavelength irradiation of quinoline N-oxides in the near-ultraviolet range followed by acid treatment cleanly excises a ring carbon to produce an indole, avoiding secondary photoproducts that were previously observed using broadband light.
Accelerating reaction generality and mechanistic insight through additive mapping
镍催化添加剂的改进
▲ 作者：CESAR N. PRIETO KULLMER, JACOB A. KAUTZKY, SHANE W. KRSKA, TIMOTHY NOWAK, SPENCER D. DREHER AND DAVID W. C. MACMILLAN
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn1885
▲ 摘要：
实现现有阶段小范围底物之外的化学反应，往往需要数十年的增量优化。作者试图通过筛选大量不同的添加剂来加速镍-光氧化还原催化剂体系的优化过程。
结果表明，邻苯二酰亚胺大大扩展了镍催化剂的功能相容性，从而扩大了基体范围。邻苯二酰亚胺似乎稳定氧化加成配合物，并打破失活的催化剂聚集物。
▲ Abstract：
It often takes decades of incremental optimization to apply chemical reactions beyond the small range of substrates studied at the discovery stage. Prieto Kullmer et al. sought to accelerate that optimization process by screening a large, diverse group of additives to a cooperative nickel-photoredox catalyst system. The screen revealed that phthalimides substantially expand the functional compatibility of the nickel catalyst and thus the substrate scope. The phthalimide appears to stabilize oxidative addition complexes as well as break up deactivated catalyst aggregates.
物理学Physics
A gamma-ray pulsar timing array constrains the nanohertz gravitational wave background
伽玛射线脉冲星时序阵列限制了纳赫兹引力波背景
▲ 作者：THE FERMI-LAT COLLABORATION
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm3231
▲ 摘要：
星系合并后，中心的超大质量黑洞（SMBHs）或会形成双星，以纳赫兹的频率发射引力波。宇宙中众多的SMBH双星应该结合在一起产生引力波背景。
目前对这一信号的搜索使用脉冲星的无线电观测作为敏感的时钟，并寻找脉冲时间的微小变化。
Fermi-LAT合作项目利用伽马射线实现了脉冲星计时阵列，并实现了接近无线电接近的灵敏度。结果设置了独立的引力波背景上限，该上限受到不同噪声源的影响。
▲ Abstract：
After galaxies merge, the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at their centers are expected to form binaries that emit gravitational waves at nanohertz frequencies. Numerous SMBH binaries throughout the Universe should combine to produce a gravitational wave background. Existing searches for this signal use radio observations of pulsars as sensitive clocks and look for small shifts in the pulse timings. The Fermi-LAT Collaboration implemented a pulsar timing array using gamma rays and achieved a sensitivity close to that of the radio approaches. The results set an independent upper limit on the gravitational wave background, which is subject to different noise sources.
气候Climate
Avoiding ocean mass extinction from climate warming
避免气候变暖导致的海洋大灭绝
▲ 作者：JUSTIN L. PENN AND CURTIS DEUTSCH
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9039
▲ 摘要：
气候变化使物种和系统的灭绝风险增加。海洋物种面临着与水变暖和氧气消耗有关的特殊风险。作者研究了海洋物种在气候变暖期间的灭绝风险，并将其与生态生理极限联系起来。
他们发现，在全球气温照常上升的情况下，海洋系统很可能经历与过去仅基于生态生理极限的大灭绝相同的大规模灭绝。然而，大幅减少全球排放提供了实质性的保护，这强调了迅速采取行动防止可能的灾难性海洋灭绝的必要性。
▲ Abstract：
Climate change brings with it the increasing risk of extinction across species and systems. Marine species face particular risks related to water warming and oxygen depletion. Penn and Deutsch looked at extinction risk for marine species across climate warming and as related to ecophysiological limits. They found that under business-as-usual global temperature increases, marine systems are likely to experience mass extinctions on par with past great extinctions based on ecophysiological limits alone. Drastically reducing global emissions, however, offers substantial protection, which emphasizes a need for rapid action to prevent possibly catastrophic marine extinctions.
Rabies shows how scale of transmission can enable acute infections to persist at low prevalence
狂犬病急性感染可在低流行率下持续存在
▲ 作者：REBECCA MANCY, MALAVIKA RAJEEV, AHMED LUGELO, KIRSTYN BRUNKER, SARAH CLEAVELAND, ELAINE A. FERGUSON, XKAREN HOTOPPRUDOVICK KAZWALAMATTHIAS MAGOTO, KATIE HAMPSON
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn0713
▲ 摘要：
狂犬病是一种致命的人畜共患疾病，每年导致数万人死亡，主要是非洲和亚洲儿童。它通常由狗传播给人类，一旦出现症状，不可避免地是致命的。
尽管采取了控制措施，但在坦桑尼亚的塞伦盖蒂地区，狂犬病继续以极低的流行率传播，作者十多年来一直在跟踪几个物种的病例，以了解病毒的动态。
高分辨率的遗传数据使作者能够追踪传播网络，其中狗的个体行为是一个关键因素。一些被感染的狗可能会长途跋涉，并将新的血统引入邻近的社区，而其他的可能只是咬其他动物。因为狗是流动的，扑杀失败，唯一的办法是全面的狗疫苗接种。
▲ Abstract：
Rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease that causes tens of thousands of deaths every year, mainly among African and Asian children. It is usually transmitted to humans by dogs, and once symptoms appear, it is inevitably fatal. Despite control efforts, rabies continues to circulate at very low prevalence in Serengeti district, Tanzania, where Mancy et al. have been tracking cases in several species for more than a decade to understand the dynamics of the virus. Highly resolved genetic data allowed the authors to trace transmission networks, from which individual dog behavior emerges as a key factor (see the Perspective by Antolin). Some infected dogs may travel long distances and introduce new lineages into neighboring communities, whereas others may simply bite other animals. Because dogs are mobile, culling fails, and the only resort is fully comprehensive dog vaccination.
