一、句子
句子按结构分可分为：__________ _______ ___ _____。
五种基本句型：__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
There be句型：__________________________________________
二、句子结构分析
1.去年我在学校电脑竞赛中获得一等奖。
2.我们正在使我们的国家变得越来越美丽。
3.昨晚我花了两个小时完成作业。
4.明天我会给他写封信，告诉他这个好消息。
5.在过去的十年里，它的经济发展迅速。
6.我注意到凯特整个上午都在图书馆看书。
7.图书馆里有各种各样的书、报纸和杂志。
8.天越来越黑了。
9.为了改善北京的交通状况，政府应该鼓励更多的人使用公共交通和自行车。
三、判断句子从句类型
1.噪音太大了，我无法继续学习。
2.听说你九月份要来，我很高兴。
3.人们需要一个可以休息和娱乐的地方。
4.当那个人过马路时，汽车撞了他。
5.我们应该向外国人介绍中国的文化和历史，以便他们可以更好地了解中国。
6.下个月，你将回到你的家乡，就在眼前。
7.我穿的衬衫和你昨天穿的一样。
8.尽管他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
9.问题是它是否值得做。
10.他们中没有人能回答这件事是否值得做的问题。
11.我们队赢了这场比赛并不奇怪。
12.他刚到，她就开始抱怨了。
13.只要汽车不抛锚，我们就能准时到达那里。
14.这完全取决于他们是否愿意
do their best.15. He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg.
语法填空
一、语法填空考点
在备考中，学生一定要明确必考点，在解题过程中才能快速地给出最佳答案，提高解题能力。
1、纯空格题：介词、冠词、代词、情态动词、副词（however, therefore）、连词（包括并列连词和从句引导词）
2、给出动词题：谓语动词（时态和语态）、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词）
3、给出形容词副词：变为比较级或最高级
二、语法填空的正确解题步骤
1、浏览全文，把握语篇 2、边读边填，先易后难 3、验证复查，清除难点。
三、语法填空解题技巧
1、纯空格试题的解题技巧
技巧1：当句子缺主语或宾语，填代词。前后看,是指人、事物；指男、指女,单数、复数；还是填形式主语或形式宾语的it。
人称代词、物主代词、名词性物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、不定代词：some, any, many, much, everything, something, anything, nothing, everyone, someone, anyone, no one, everybody,… both, either, neither, all, none, each, others, the other, another, the others, (a) few, (a) little, it, that, those, one, the one(s).
1、I was thin before I started football, but as a member of this team I wouldn't eat much, because I thought to (30) _____ that I was afraid of being too full to run. Finally, I ended up leaving the football team.
2、Some students want a campus that will give them the excitement and rich cultural life of a big city such as New York, Chicago, or Los Angeles. (31)_____value the peace and beauty of a rural setting, whether the quiet forests and snowy winters of the Northeast, subtropical Florida, the dry expanses of the West, or the Pacific coast with its seashore and nearby mountains.
3、Goddio isn’t sure how the city sank. He thinks that earthquakes or tidal waves might have caused it to fall into the sea. “Stories from long ago tell of other cities in this area disappearing because of either or (39)__________ of those things,” explains Goddio.
4、With a smile on his face, and nervous laugh, he took the last cookie and broke it in half. He offered her a half, and ate (29) _____ _____.
5、 By eating more slowly, the diner consumes less in the time (32)________takes for the brain to register satisfaction.
6、In a week I had lost my husband, my home and my parents who had refused to accept a divorce in the family. I’d lost____26_____ except my four teenage children.
myself Others both the other it everything
技巧2： 在名词或“形容词+名词”前,填限定词。
如表示特指时用the/this/that/these/those
表示“一(个,本,座……)”时用不定冠词a/an
表示“某人的”,用形容词性物主代词
表示“一些”用some
表示“另一个”用another
表示“每一个”用every/each
表示“其他的”用other等。
1、The government aims to give every person, especially those in poverty, (35) ______ opportunity to get an education.
2、The research took into consideration both published rental rates and “additional costs,” which include agent fees and (38)_________costs to make the deal happen.
3、When performing (40) _____ challenging mental task, do it in silence, Perham recommended.
4、The company plans to double the current number of domestic stores to nearly 12,000. To meet (27) _______ target, Sawbucks will start more stores at airports and supermarkets.
an other a the/this/that
技巧3：句子不缺主语、表语、动词后不缺宾语的情况下，名词或代词前面，一定是填介词。
常用介词：in, on, at, to, from, of, off, under, above, below, over, across, through, beyond, behind, in front of, beside, between, among, near, up, down, along, around, before, after, since, for, against, besides, except, by, with, without, about, as, like, instead of, despite, regardless of, in spite of, because of, due to, owing to, during, into, throughout, until, within, toward, past, such as, as well as, regarding, concerning…
1、There are around 4,000 accredited universities and other higher education institutions in the United States. They offer an immense range of educational experiences, (25)________ large research universities to small, friendly liberal arts colleges.
2、While Starbucks executives love to talk about their store’s gentle environment as a “third place” (29) _______ home and work, it turns out that only 30 percent of customers actually use the tables and couches.
3、An ability to express ideas ____26___ a clear and literate way has become extremely necessary for work, study and everyday life.
4、A food court sold all kinds of popular and ethnic foods, from American hamburgers to Hawaiian shave ice drinks. (39)________ a $ 7 parking fee, the festival was free.
5、So if you see a trip to the library (32)_______an adventure and can’t wait to read a new book, you’re probably a bookworm.
6、White usually means something good. A “white color” job, for example, is the kind of job many people seek. It is a job where you work at a desk, using your brain __30___ ______your muscles.
7、By 1922, for example, Australia had fifteen times more sheep than it had people, or almost half as many sheep as there are people now in the United States. Yet, (39)_______ _______ _______ these and other main differences, Australia and the United States have more in common with each other than either one has with the rest of the world.
from besides in Except for as instead of in spite of
技巧4：若两个或几个单词或短语之间设空，可能是填并列连词。
并列连词：and, but, or, so, for, yet, then, however, therefore, while, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but
1、Readers of Persuasion will see that ____38____ her skill of delicate, ironic observations on social custom, love and marriage nor her ability to apply a sharp focus to English manners and morals has abandoned her in her finished work.
neither
技巧5：若两句之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一般填并列连词或从属连词。若两句之间表示转折关系有逗号填however，前后对比用while，表因果关系有逗号填therefore、thus, 无逗号填so。
并列连词：and, but, or, so, for, yet, then, however, therefore, while, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but
定语从句连词:关代：that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 关副：when, where, why
名词性从句连词: 连词：that, if, whether; 关代：what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever; 关副：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however (because, as if…)
状语从句连词:时间：when, while, as, before, after, the first time/day…, as soon as, the moment/minute, hardly…when, no sooner…than, since, once, until, not…until, 地点：where, wherever, everywhere, 原因：because, as, since, now that, considering that, given that, 目的：in order that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, 结果：so/such…that, 比较：than, as…as, the more…the more, 让步：although, though, as, no matter what/ who/when…, whatever…., whether…or, 比较：as, as if/though, 条件：if, unless, as long as…
1、Grown-ups can hardly find children’s game exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple game again and again. ____36_____, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. However
2、Not only are more people taking to running, they are (27)________ using wearable devices and using software on their cellphones to record the distance they cover and the amount of calories they burn. also
3、The hats are the symbols of the “good guys” and the “bad guys” in American western movies. Now the tradition of white hats and black hats is no longer a part of movie making, ____25____you still hear the expression when people talk about good guys and bad guys. but
4、Finally, I ended up leaving the football team. Four other girls did the same, two of (31)______stopped playing football completely. whom
5、In China, golf is recognized as a game (35)______teaches children important life principles. that/which
6、The fastest way to learn is to have someone, ___32___ has already mastered the language, check your writings.
who
7、Floating plastic bags have been spotted as far north as the Arctic Ocean and as far south as the southern end of South America, __36__ has caused great concern among scientists. which
8、When people get very involved in a task that they have chosen, and which is well-defined and challenging, they experience “flow”, a situation (40)____ they don’t notice time passing. where
9、“What we wear and how we wear our clothes is all part and parcel of the way (30)_____ _____we communicate with each other.” She told the BBC. in which
10、The idea for the festival occurred years ago, but nobody knew（40） it would succeed. if/whether
11、The next day, I quit my job, bought some art supplies and began doing____29____ I loved. what
12、Are you on a diet? Then maybe you should consider sitting by the window the next time you eat out. A new book claims that (26)________ you sit in a restaurant can affect how many you consume. where
13、Other teachers have to reward “good” students and punishing “bad” students in the hope (38)______ this may somehow motivate all students to try harder. that
14、Chinese donors want to be sure (38) their money is being spent wisely. That's (39) the three boys have set up their own charity. Now they can control how the money is spent and they are learning about responsibility and how to operate a charity. that why
15、(30)______ ______ ______ reasons may be behind it, people’s attitudes toward left-handedness have changed a lot over the years. No matter what
16、My hands trembled the first time I picked up a brush. But before an hour had passed, I was lost in the colors spreading across the canvas(画布) in front of me. And ____ _31___ ____ I started believing in myself, other people started believing in me, too. The first painting sold for$1,500. as soon as
17、Those seated at a dark table ate heavier food and ordered more of it (28)______ diners seated at bright bar tables ordered more salads and fewer desserts. while
18、 (33)______ ______ a young child might be nervous about starting school, he or she is often excited on the first day of school. Even if/though
19、Studying for an exam while listening to music is not smart, (33) _____ background music can reduce your ability to perform memory tasks, new research has found. because/as
20、Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, __34___ _____ their personal abilities cannot be directly compared. so that
技巧6：若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，一般是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。
1、Many people underestimate the importance of writing skills. They think that as long as they ___25___ speak and understand the language, they know it.
2、Today the company have established 5,945 stores in the United States and 2,392 more overseas and in Canada. While it (26) _______ seem that there is already a Starbucks at every corner, Chairman Howard Schultz says the company is just getting started.
3、Back-to-back Open Champion Padraig Harrington agrees: "You only (37)_______ ________ look at the European Tour's schedule and see how many tournaments are now being hosted by Asia, whether in the Middle East or Far East," he says.
4、Students can’t wear jumpers, jackets or coats indoors. Also, girls and boys (27)______wear black leather shoes and black socks. Sports shoes are not allowed.
5、As she reached in her baggage, she found her bag of cookie with surprise. “If mine is here, the others were his, and he tried to share! How rude I was! It was I who (32) _____ have showed gratitude.”
can may/might have to must should
技巧7：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。（强调、倒装、感叹）
1、But I wanted to prove to myself that hard (35) ______the condition was, I wasn't finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way."
2、In the US, only when someone sits in the driver’s seat __38_____ driverless cars allowed on roads in certain states.
3、As in the early history of the United States, it was the English (33)_______ set up the settlements in America.
as are that/who
2、 给出动词的解题技巧
技巧8：若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；此时前看看,后看看确定时态和语态。
1、One day Gene and Hannah Bortnick heard piano music (25) ______ (come) from their living room. They thought their 3-year-old son Ethan (26) ______ (listen) to a CD.
2、When the British 13-year-old Cassidy arrived at school in her uniform on Nov.5th, she (25)_____ (stop). She had to go home for “wearing the wrong uniform”.
3、The week I turned 50, my marriage came to a sudden end. My house, furniture and everything I __25_____(own) was sold to pay debts that I didn’t know existed.
4、Study participants were asked to recall a list of eight letters in the order they (34) _____ (present).
5、The term “bookworm” (28)_________(use) since the 1500s.
6、“I (35)____ (study) happiness for over 30 years,” says Csikszentmihalyi.
7、The first night I went to the Berkeley campus to visit my friend Sara, without any argument from my mother. But when I called her to say I had decided to spend the night at Sara’s dorm, my mom informed me that she wanted me home at one a.m. I was wild with anger! I 30 (make) my own decisions how late a young man should stay out for several months.
8、Family-friendly facilities (33)_____(develop) for a new golfing demographic(人群)in the following years
coming was listening was stopped had owned were presented/had been presented has been used
have been studying/ have studied had been making will be developed
技巧9：若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用不定式、动名词还是分词。
to do表将来，常考作宾语，目的、结果状语；
动名词doing 表习惯性动作，常考作主语、宾语；
现在分词doing 表主动、进行，常考作表语、定语、状语；
done表被动、完成，常考作表语、定语、状语。
1、So the clergyman repeated the question in an even sterner tone, “Where is God!!?” Again the boy made no attempt (39) ______ (answer).
2、Everyone knows that athletes spare no effort (26)_______ (strengthen) their bodies.
3、Established in 1999, GCE is made up of 120 organizations with members in almost 100 countries. Education is a basic human right, and GCE campaigns to realize this right. It works with governments (36) ______ (improve) education in each country.
4、My mission done, I ran back, (28) (skip) and jumping with delight.
5、Whatever is preserved at a presidential library is available to the public to see and study because presidential libraries are public property (37) (belong) to the American people.
6、The (26)______(require) uniform includes a blazer, a tie, and tailored trousers. If that sounds fine to you, there’s more.
7、Jane Austen once compared her writing to____37____ (paint) on a little bit of ivory, two inches square.
8、King Edgar was the first monarch（34）_______ (bury) there in 1065.
9、Way back then, libraries did not have the modern air conditioning systems (29)____________(control) the environment (30) ________(surround) the books.
10、________(neglect) for years, the house designed by an Italian architect finally collapsed.
to answer to strengthen to improve skipping belonging required painting to be buried
to control surrounding Having been neglected
3、给出形容词或副词的解题技巧
技巧10：括号中给出形容词或副词，考查其比较级最高级。注意比较级有+er的，加more的，还有加less的。
1、A New research found that people sitting farthest from the front door ate the fewest salads and were 73 percent (27)________(likely) to order dessert.
2、The (25) (low) gas price in the Southland right now is $2.09 a gallon at the Seashell station in Arcadia.
3、__35__(far) damage is caused if plastic bags enter the sea. For example, endangered sea turtles cannot tell the bags from jellyfish(水母)， their main source of food， and often choke（噎死）on them.
more likely lowest Further
四、语法填空专练
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
(A)
Man on Wire
A film to make you feel alive …
In 1968 a young Frenchman, Philippe Petit, saw a picture in a newspaper which would change his life. He was sitting in a dentist’s waiting room when he saw an artist’s impression of the soon-to-be-built World Trade Center and decided that one day he 25 (walk) on a high wire between the twin towers.
Man on Wire is the story of a man who made his dream 26 (happen). The film starts on Tuesday August 7th, 1974, 27 day when Petit achieved his goal. We see him 28 (head) for the twin towers and then, through interviews and flashbacks. We see everything 29 led up to that day.
The film first shows us how Petit made his earlier high wire walks at Notre Dame and Sydney Harbour Bridge, using film and photos 30 (take) from the time.
Then the film almost becomes a crime thriller as we see how Petit and his team made up documents, got past security guards and somehow managed to set up the wire between the towers 31 being seen or heard.
Finally Petit makes his great walk between the towers. There is no film of the original walk, so the whole thing is shown using photos, a reminder of 32 the towers used to look. He stayed 1,350 feet above the ground, apparently quite relaxed, for 45 minutes. The policemen whose job was to arrest Petit 33 only stand and watch while he smiled and laughed at them.
(B)
Across Africa
For six hours we shot through the Karoo desert in South Africa. Just rocks and sand and baking sun. Knowing our journey was ending, Daniel and I just wanted to remember all we had seen and done. He used a camera 34 I used words. I had finished three notebooks and considered 35 (start) the fourth, a beautiful leather notebook I’d bought in a market in Mozambique.
As we drove towards the setting sun, a quietness fell over us. The road was empty — we 36
(see) another car for hours. And as I drove, something caught my eye, something moving next to me. I glanced in the mirror of the car; I glanced sideways to the right, and that was 37 I saw them. Next to us, by the side of the road, thirty, forty wild horses were racing the car, a cloud of dust rising behind them—brown, muscular horses almost close enough to touch them, to smell their hot breath. I didn’t know how long they had been there next to us.
I shouted to Dan: “Look!” but he was in such a deep sleep 38 it was impossible to wake him up before they disappeared far behind us, a memory of heroic forms in the red landscape. When Daniel woke up an hour later I told him what had happened.
“Wild horses?” he said. “Why didn’t you wake 39 up?”
“I tried. But they were gone after a few seconds.”
“Typical,” he said. “The 40 (good) photos are the ones we never take.”
We checked into a dusty hotel and slept the sleep of the dead.
25. would walk 26. happen 27. the 28. heading
29. that 30. taken 31. without 32. how
33. could 34. while 35. starting 36. hadn’t seen
37. when/where 38. that 39. me 40. best
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
(A)
People in all parts of the world are observing “No Tobacco Day”. It is the day (25) _____ the World Health Organization (WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. The WTO hopes (26) _____ people stop smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco for one day, they will stop permanently. The day includes special ceremonies and awards ceremonies in 166 countries. The target group for this year’s “ No Tobacco Day ” is women. Organizers want to make sure women know the danger of smoking.
Health experts have warned for years that smoking (27) _____ lead to heart disease, cancer and other problems. The WTO says diseases linked to smoking kill at least 2,500,000 persons each year. Still, many people find it difficult to stop smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. The effects of it are similar to the effects of cocaine and heroin.
“No Tobacco Day” is aimed at smokers and those (28) _____ earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are asked to stop selling tobacco products for 24 hours. Newspapers are required not (29) _____ (publish) advertisements for cigarettes.
Two important developments (30) _____ (observe) in recent years. In industrial countries, the number of smokers has been falling about 1% a year. But in developing countries, the number of smokers has been rising 2% a year. This is the result of increased efforts by tobacco companies’ (31) _____ (sell) their products in developing countries.
The WTO has approved plans to help reach its goal of a “smoke-free” world. (32) _____ governments ought to offer tobacco farmers is the chance to earn money by growing other crops. Another involves improved public information campaigns about the dangers of smoking.
(B)
In cinema’s earliest days, the film industry was based in the nation’s theatrical center, New York, and most films were made in New York or New Jersey, (33) _____ a few were shot in Chicago, Florida, and elsewhere. Beginning in 1908, however, a growing number of filmmakers located in southern California, drawn by cheap land and labor, and a climate ideal for year-round outdoor filming.
By the early 1920’s, Hollywood (34) _____ (become) the world’s film capital. It produced virtually all films (35) _____ (show) in the United States. During the 20s, Hollywood established its position as world leader (36) _____ recruiting many of Europe’s most talented camera operators, lighting technicians, and set designers, as well as actors, actresses and directors, (37) _____ _____ Greta Garbo , Hedy Lamar, Ernst Lubitsch and Josef von Sternberg, etc. By the end of the decade, Hollywood had claimed to be the nation’s fifth (38) _____ (large) industry in the world, (39) _____ (attract) 83 cents out of every dollar Americans spent on amusement.
Hollywood had also come to symbolize “the new morality” of the 1920’s — a mixture of puzzle, hedonism（快乐主义）, and fun. During the 1920s, movie attendance soared. By the middle of the decade, 4 million people a week went to the movies — (40) _____ equivalent of half the nation’s population. In Chicago, in 1929, theaters had enough seats for half the city’s population to attend a movie each day.
25. when 26. if 27. can / could / may / might 28. who
29. to publish 30. have been observed 31. selling 32. What
33. although / though 34. had become 35. shown / showed 36. by
37. such as 38. largest 39. attracting 40. the
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
( A )
The BBC documentary Are Our Kids Tough Enough? recently became one of the top topics on social networks in both China and Britain, with many education specialists commenting and retweeting.
In the documentary, five Chinese teachers 25_____ (take) over a British classroom with 50 teenagers aged 13 and 14 in Bohunt School for one month, and taught them in a typical Chinese way: no talking, no questions, wearing a special uniform and experiencing the harsh classroom discipline within a long school-hour from 7am to 7pm.
In the documentary, most of the teens found it difficult 26_____ (adapt) to the Chinese-style education. Their teachers were not prepared for the differences between Chinese and British students as well. One of the teachers couldn’t help but 27_____ (complain) that the classroom was always “chaotic”.
Many Chinese netizens, especially the post-1980 netizens, said that the documentary reminded them of past school-days. Meanwhile, they criticized the British students’ lack 28 _____ respect for others after watching the documentary.
However, Zou Hailian, the math teacher in the program from Hangzhou Foreign Language School, said that the British students were all nice children. “Students look lax and absent-minded sometimes, but this is understandable. They have to stay at school for 12 hours each day, even longer than the school-time in Hangzhou Foreign Language School. They are not accustomed to 29_____ for sure,” he said.
Zou emphasized that Chinese students usually study harder and have a clearer goal, 30_____ (compare) with British students. But British students have a very good coping capacity 31 _____ _____ _____ hands-on skills.
Furthermore, Zou pointed out that China’s tough education system produces strong results in subjects like math and science, capturing the interest of educators in the U.S. and Europe 32_____ some feel the child-centered approach does not do enough to teach the basics.
Though Zou’s words were recognized by several education experts in China and Britain, there are several voices in defense of the British education system. “Student autonomy, questioning and the development of skills to allow students to think for themselves are the key elements in British teaching approaches. As teachers in the program take lessons from the experiment, no doubt the Chinese teachers will also learn from the U.K.’s approach to teaching,” one said.
(B)
Every year, millions of people all over the world die in hospital when their lives (33) _____ have been saved. Ordinary people like you can easily help change this situation. You can help save lives by becoming an organ donor after you pass away.
These days it is common for people to donate blood in order to save lives, so why not donate your organs? All you need to do is register and then you can live with the knowledge (34) _____ one day your organs could save a person’s life. Donating organs assures that (35) _____ (many) people can live longer, happier lives.
Organ transplants have been around for a long time. The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954. Today, these operations are conducted regularly. Indeed, right now there are people who are seriously ill that are waiting for such operations. Unfortunately, there are not enough organs for everyone in need, which is (36) _____ more organ donors are needed.
Transplants have (37)_____ high success rate in this day and age. The internal organs used in these situations include the heart, the lungs, the liver and the kidneys. Many patients with severe heart failure rely on the hope of a transplant, since they have no other option if medicines fail.
Only the organs of people who carry a donor card can be used to save lives. Without one, organs may go to waste. In 2008, a total of 882 heart and lung transplants alone were carried out in China – this is great work. However, it is estimated (38)_____ 1.5 million people throughout the country need some form of organ transplant. They need your help.
(39) _____ (donate) your organs will enable you to continue to help people even after you are gone. To get a donor card, first you have to register at your local hospital. Your details will be kept private, but it is still necessary for you to tell relatives of your decision so that they will know (40) _____ to expect if anything happens to you. Many people wish to help, but put off getting a donor card until it is too late
Death is always upsetting for friends and relatives. However, they may be comforted to know that their loss has given the gift of life to others.
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